Is this the proper base URL (Cloud) to use for a SharpTools dashboard tile to display variable changes taking place in real-time from RM rules that manipulate those hub variables?
No, where did you find that? Maker API does not support hub variables.
A Rule Machine rule can use an HTTP endpoint to set a hub variable, but I can't think of any existing way to get the value directly over a similar endpoint. You'd probably need to create a connector (of whatever type works for your particular application) and then use that device in Maker API -- if you're just looking to display the value. It's not clear if that's what you mean.
I will definitely look into that approach as I'm certainly struggling with Hubitat/SharpTools integration currently. My RM rules are manipulating variables to calculate metrics made from movement & door opening patterns, & its that information that I'm trying to use to create data visualization charts using SharpTools Custom tiles. Not as easy as it sounds.
Since Hubitat Globals aren't exposed via maker API, if I create a Hubitat user app. that creates its own variables, do I also have to replicate those same variable entries in Hubitat/Settings/Hub Variables?